SACRIFICE, SACRIFICES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT ｜ 旧约的祭与祭物

ENSACRIFICE, SACRIFICES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. General points: the probable institution of animal sacrifice immediately after the Fall (Gen. 3:21); Abel (Gen. 4:4); Noah (Gen. 8:20, 21. And Noah builded an altar unto the Lord); Abraham (Gen. 12:7, 8; Gen. 15:9, 10, covenant by sacrifice; Gen. 22:13); under Moses (Ex. 24:8, covenant by sacrifice; Ex. 27:1-8, the altar of burnt offering). The sacrificial system—its necessity and spiritual import, the definition of "sacrifice," its classes, and the order and significance of the acts in the blood sacrifice—is treated at length in the commentary, with details respecting animal sacrifices, in which the life-blood is the essential feature. The main intent of animal sacrifice was to fix the thought of the patriarchal and later generations upon the vital truth that "without shedding of blood there is no remission" of sins (Heb. 9:22), and to point ever forward to the "Lamb of God," who should "take away the sin of the world." Hence its meaning and worth lay, not in the formal act of offering the victim, but in the spiritual apprehension and penitent faith that sought Divine forgiveness and favor through the real Sacrifice shadowed forth in the blood of the animal offering.

BSBHebrews 9:22 According to the law, in fact, nearly everything must be purified with blood, and without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness.

中旧约的祭与祭物。总要点：动物献祭很可能是在人堕落之后随即设立的（创世记 3:21）；亚伯（4:4）；挪亚（8:20-21 —— 挪亚为耶和华筑了一座坛）；亚伯拉罕（12:7-8；15:9-10，以祭立约；22:13）；到摩西时代（出埃及记 24:8，以祭立约；27:1-8，燔祭坛）。关于献祭制度——其必要性与属灵含意、『祭』的定义、其分类，以及血祭中各项动作的次序与意义——注释书中另有详论，并附动物献祭的种种细节；其中『血中的生命』乃是本质所在。动物献祭的主要用意，是要把列祖以及后世各代的心思钉在这一关键真理上：『若不流血，罪就不得赦免』（希伯来书 9:22）；并要始终指向那位『神的羔羊』，就是要『除去世人罪孽』的那一位。因此，献祭的意义与价值不在于宰献祭牲这一形式动作，而在于属灵的领悟与痛悔的信心——就是藉着动物之血所预表的那真实的祭，去寻求神的赦免与恩眷。

ENOld Testament testimony to the real meaning and design of the sacrificial offerings: 1 Sam. 15:22. Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, and to hearken than the fat of rams. Jer. 7:22, 23. For I spake not unto your fathers . . . concerning burnt offerings or sacrifices: but this thing commanded I them, saying, Obey My voice. Prov. 21:3. To do justice and judgment is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice. Prov. 15:8. The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination to the Lord. Micah 6:6-8. Wherewith shall I come before the Lord . . . He hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? Hos. 6:6. For I desired mercy, and not sacrifice; and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings. Isa. 1:11-15. To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto Me? . . . Bring no more vain oblations. Ps. 40:6. Sacrifice and offering Thou didst not desire; mine ears hast Thou opened. Ps. 51:16, 17, 19. For Thou desirest not sacrifice; else would I give it . . . The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit: a broken and a contrite heart, O God, Thou wilt not despise. Then shalt Thou be pleased with the sacrifices of righteousness. Ps. 116:17. I will offer to Thee the sacrifice of thanksgiving.

BSBMicah 6:8 He has shown you, O man, what is good. And what does the LORD require of you but to act justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God?

中旧约自身对献祭之真义与用意的见证：撒母耳记上 15:22 —— 听命胜于献祭，顺从胜于公羊的脂油。耶利米书 7:22-23 —— 因为我将你们列祖从埃及地领出来的那日，燔祭平安祭的事我并没有提说，也没有吩咐他们；我只吩咐他们这一件说：你们当听从我的话。箴言 21:3 —— 行仁义公平比献祭更蒙耶和华悦纳。15:8 —— 恶人献祭，为耶和华所憎恶。弥迦书 6:6-8 —— 我朝见耶和华，当献上什么呢？……世人哪，耶和华已指示你何为善。他向你所要的是什么呢？只要你行公义，好怜悯，存谦卑的心，与你的神同行。何西阿书 6:6 —— 我喜爱良善，不喜爱祭祀；喜爱认识神，胜于燔祭。以赛亚书 1:11-15 —— 耶和华说：你们所献的许多祭物与我何益呢？……你们不要再献虚浮的供物。诗篇 40:6 —— 祭物和礼物，你不喜悦；你已经开通我的耳朵。51:16-17, 19 —— 你本不喜爱祭物，若喜爱，我就献上……神所要的祭就是忧伤的灵；神啊，忧伤痛悔的心，你必不轻看。那时，你必喜爱公义的祭。116:17 —— 我要以感谢为祭献给你。

ENNew Testament references to sacrifice, confirmatory. Christ the accepted and efficient Sacrifice: 1 Cor. 5:7. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us. Eph. 5:2. And walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath given Himself for us an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweetsmelling savour. Heb. 9:26. But now once in the end of the world hath He appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of Himself. Heb. 10:10, 14. We are sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. For by one offering He hath perfected for ever them that are sanctified. John 1:29. Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. 1 John 1:7. And the blood of Jesus Christ His Son cleanseth us from all sin. 1 John 2:2. And He is the propitiation for our sins. Our acceptable sacrifice: Rom. 12:1. I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. Heb. 13:15, 16. By Him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks to His name. But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased. 1 Pet. 2:5. Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. Vicarious sacrifice is the one principle which finds ample illustration at every step in the advance of human civilization. Not only civil and religious liberty, but knowledge and science, literature and philanthropy, discovery and all the arts of production, have been advanced by the suffering and self-offering of individuals and of multitudes. All social elevation and all personal gain have been attained by antagonism and sacrifice.

BSBRomans 12:1 Therefore I urge you, brothers, on account of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God, which is your spiritual service of worship.

中新约论到献祭的经文，正可作印证。基督是那蒙悦纳、且真有功效的祭：哥林多前书 5:7 —— 因为我们逾越节的羔羊基督已经被杀献祭了。以弗所书 5:2 —— 也要凭爱心行事，正如基督爱我们，为我们舍了自己，当作馨香的供物和祭物献与神。希伯来书 9:26 —— 但如今在这末世显现一次，把自己献为祭，好除掉罪。10:10, 14 —— 我们凭这旨意，靠耶稣基督只一次献上他的身体，就得以成圣。因为他一次献祭，便叫那得以成圣的人永远完全。约翰福音 1:29 —— 看哪，神的羔羊，除去世人罪孽的！约翰一书 1:7 —— 他儿子耶稣的血也洗净我们一切的罪。2:2 —— 他为我们的罪作了挽回祭。我们当献的祭：罗马书 12:1 —— 所以弟兄们，我以神的慈悲劝你们，将身体献上，当作活祭，是圣洁的，是神所喜悦的；你们如此事奉乃是理所当然的。希伯来书 13:15-16 —— 我们应当靠着耶稣，常常以颂赞为祭献给神，这就是那承认主名之人嘴唇的果子。只是不可忘记行善和捐输的事，因为这样的祭是神所喜悦的。彼得前书 2:5 —— 你们来到主面前，也就像活石，被建造成为灵宫，作圣洁的祭司，藉着耶稣基督奉献神所悦纳的灵祭。『代赎性的牺牲』是一条原理，在人类文明前进的每一步上都有充分的例证。不单是公民自由与宗教自由，连知识与科学、文学与慈善、发现以及一切生产技艺，都是靠着个人与众人的受苦与自我献上而得以推进的。一切社会地位的提升、一切个人的所得，都是藉着对抗与牺牲取得的。